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Comparisons between Theories
[nativism] ‘There is a first draft of the moral mind’
[cultural learning] ‘The first draft of the moral mind gets edited during development within a culture’
[intuitionism] ‘Intuitions come first’ --- the Social Intuitionist Model is true
[pluralism] ‘There are many psychological foundations of morality’
Graham et al, 2019
Haidt & Bjorklund, 2008 figure 4.1
[nativism] ‘There is a first draft of the moral mind’
[cultural learning] ‘The first draft of the moral mind gets edited during development within a culture’
[intuitionism] ‘Intuitions come first’ --- the Social Intuitionist Model is true
[pluralism] ‘There are many psychological foundations of morality’
Graham et al, 2019
[nativism] ‘There is a first draft of the moral mind’
[cultural learning] ‘The first draft of the moral mind gets edited during development within a culture’
[intuitionism] ‘Intuitions come first’ --- the Social Intuitionist Model is true
[pluralism] ‘There are many psychological foundations of morality’
Graham et al, 2019
Affect Heuristic
Q: What do adult humans compute that enables their moral intuitions to track moral attributes (such as wrongness)?
Hypothesis:
They rely on the ‘affect heuristic’: ‘if thinking about an act [...] makes you feel bad [...], then judge that it is morally wrong’.
Cushman et al, 2010
[nativism] ‘There is a first draft of the moral mind’
[cultural learning] ‘The first draft of the moral mind gets edited during development within a culture’
[intuitionism] ‘Intuitions come first’ --- the Social Intuitionist Model is true
[pluralism] ‘There are many psychological foundations of morality’
Graham et al, 2019
Linguistic Analogy
‘the mind contains a moral grammar: a complex and possibly domain-specific set of rules [...] this system enables individuals to determine the deontic status of an infinite variety of acts and omissions’
Mikhail, 2007 p. 144
[nativism] ‘There is a first draft of the moral mind’
[cultural learning] ‘The first draft of the moral mind gets edited during development within a culture’
[intuitionism] ‘Intuitions come first’ --- the Social Intuitionist Model is true
[pluralism] ‘There are many psychological foundations of morality’
Graham et al, 2019
Dual Process Theory
Two (or more) ethical processes are distinct:
the conditions which influence whether they occur,
and which outputs they generate,
do not completely overlap.
‘[...] moral judgment is the product of both intuitive and rational psychological processes, and it is the product of [...] ‘affective’ and ‘cognitive’ mechanisms’
Cushman et al, 2010 p. 48
Haidt & Bjorklund, 2008 figure 4.1
What does the Moral Foundations Questionnaire measure?
Social Intuitionist Model
Unreflective ethical judgements are primarily consequences of moral foundations.
Dual-Process Theory
Unreflective ethical judgements are consequences of both moral foundations and processes which involve reasoning from known principles.